Câu đảo ngữ trong Tiếng Anh: Định nghĩa, cấu trúc, ví dụ và bài tập chi tiết

Câu đảo ngữ (Inversion) là một trong những điểm ngữ pháp nâng cao nhưng cực kỳ quan trọng trong tiếng Anh, đặc biệt trong văn viết và các kỳ thi như THPT, IELTS, TOEIC. Việc sử dụng câu đảo ngữ đúng giúp tăng độ “học thuật” và tự nhiên cho câu văn.

Trong bài viết này, hãy cùng tìm hiểu các loại đảo ngữ thường gặp theo nhóm, cấu trúc, ví dụ minh họa rõ ràng và bài tập kèm đáp án chi tiết nhé!

✅ Câu đảo ngữ là gì?

Đảo ngữ là hiện tượng đảo vị trí trợ động từ hoặc động từ lên trước chủ ngữ, nhằm nhấn mạnh hoặc thể hiện tính trang trọng, văn phong học thuật.

📌 Câu khẳng định bình thường:
👉 He had never seen such a beautiful painting.

📌 Câu đảo ngữ:
👉 Never had he seen such a beautiful painting.

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🔷 1. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ phủ định / giới từ phủ định

🔹 Các từ thường gặp:

• Never, Rarely, Seldom, Hardly, Scarcely, Barely, Little

• Not only… but also, No sooner… than, Nowhere, Under no circumstances, At no time

🔹 Cấu trúc:

Trạng từ phủ định + trợ động từ + chủ ngữ + động từ chính

🔹 Ví dụ:

• Never have I been so shocked.

• Rarely does he go out at night.

• No sooner had she arrived than it started raining.

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🔷 2. Đảo ngữ với Only

🔹 Các cấu trúc thường gặp:

• Only after, Only when, Only if, Only by, Only in this way, Only then

🔹 Cấu trúc:

Only + trạng từ/phụ ngữ + trợ động từ + chủ ngữ + động từ chính

🔹 Ví dụ:

• Only after finishing the book did I understand the message.

• Only by working hard can you succeed.

• Only when I met her did I know the truth.

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🔷 3. Đảo ngữ với No sooner… than / Hardly… when

🔹 Cấu trúc:

No sooner + had + S + V3/ed + than + S + V (past)
Hardly/Scarcely + had + S + V3/ed + when + S + V (past)

🔹 Ví dụ:

• No sooner had I sat down than the phone rang.

• Hardly had he left when it started raining.

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🔷 4. Đảo ngữ với Not only… but also

🔹 Cấu trúc:

Not only + trợ động từ + S + V, but S also + V

🔹 Ví dụ:

• Not only did she sing well, but she also danced beautifully.

• Not only is he smart, but he’s also kind.

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🔷 5. Đảo ngữ với So / Such … that

🔹 Cấu trúc:

• So + adjective + trợ động từ + S + that…

• Such + be + N + that…

🔹 Ví dụ:

• So beautiful was the girl that everyone stared at her.

• Such was her sadness that she couldn’t speak.

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🔷 6. Đảo ngữ với Neither / Nor

Dùng để tránh lặp lại mệnh đề phủ định phía trước.

🔹 Cấu trúc:

Neither / Nor + trợ động từ + S

🔹 Ví dụ:

• I don’t like sushi. Neither do I.

• She didn’t go to the party, nor did I.

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🔷 7. Đảo ngữ với Câu điều kiện loại 1, 2, 3 (Inversion of Conditional Sentences)

Đảo bỏ “if” và đưa trợ động từ lên trước.

🔹 Cấu trúc:

• Should + S + V, … → (If + S + V, …)

• Were + S + to V, … → (If + S + were to V, …)

• Had + S + V3, … → (If + S + had V3, …)

🔹 Ví dụ:

• Should you need help, just call me.

• Were I you, I would take the job.

• Had he studied harder, he would have passed.

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📝 Bài tập 1:  Đảo ngữ tổng hợp (có đáp án bên dưới)

Yêu cầu: Viết lại câu sử dụng đảo ngữ đúng cấu trúc.

1. She had never seen such a beautiful view.

2. I realized the truth only after I talked to her.

3. He not only sings well but also plays the guitar.

4. If I had known about the meeting, I would have come earlier.

5. I hardly had time to sit down when he called.

6. He is so talented that everyone admires him.

7. We don’t eat fast food. They don’t either.

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🔎 Đáp án:

1. Never had she seen such a beautiful view.

2. Only after I talked to her did I realize the truth.

3. Not only does he sing well, but he also plays the guitar.

4. Had I known about the meeting, I would have come earlier.

5. Hardly had I sat down when he called.

6. So talented is he that everyone admires him.

7. Nor do they.

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📝 Bài tập 2:  Viết lại câu dùng cấu trúc đảo ngữ:

1. I had never heard such a beautiful song before.
   → Never ________________________________________________

2. He only realized his mistake after he saw the results.
   → Only after _____________________________________________

3. She rarely goes to the cinema on weekdays.
   → Rarely ________________________________________________

4. If I had known her number, I would have called her.
   → Had __________________________________________________

5. He not only plays the guitar well but also sings beautifully.
   → Not only ______________________________________________

6. As soon as she left the house, it started to rain.
   → No sooner ____________________________________________

7. The teacher is so strict that no one dares to talk in class.
   → So ___________________________________________________

8. I don’t eat fast food, and neither does my brother.
   → Nor __________________________________________________

9. If you see anything suspicious, report it immediately.
   → Should _______________________________________________

10. She had just finished her homework when the power went out.
    → Hardly ________________________________________________

    ✅ Đáp án:

    1. Never had I heard such a beautiful song before.

    2. Only after he saw the results did he realize his mistake.

    3. Rarely does she go to the cinema on weekdays.

    4. Had I known her number, I would have called her.

    5. Not only does he play the guitar well, but he also sings beautifully.

    6. No sooner had she left the house than it started to rain.

    7. So strict is the teacher that no one dares to talk in class.

    8. Nor does my brother eat fast food.

    9. Should you see anything suspicious, report it immediately.

    10. Hardly had she finished her homework when the power went out.

Bài tập 3:  Viết lại câu sử dụng từ gợi ý – Câu đảo ngữ

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1. He didn’t start working seriously until he failed the exam.
   → Not until _______________________________________________

2. She knew little about the danger she was in.
   → Little _________________________________________________

3. You must not open this door under any circumstances.
   → Under no circumstances _________________________________

4. We rarely see such a beautiful sunset in the city.
   → Seldom ________________________________________________

5. The test was so difficult that most students failed it.
   → So ___________________________________________________

6. It was such a boring film that I fell asleep.
   → Such _________________________________________________

7. He entered the room and immediately the phone rang.
   → No sooner ____________________________________________

8. If I were you, I wouldn’t miss this opportunity.
   → Were _________________________________________________

9. He succeeded only by working extremely hard.
   → Only by ______________________________________________

10. She doesn’t like coffee, and her sister doesn’t either.
    → Neither _______________________________________________

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✅ Đáp án:

1. Not until he failed the exam did he start working seriously.

2. Little did she know about the danger she was in.

3. Under no circumstances must you open this door.

4. Seldom do we see such a beautiful sunset in the city.

5. So difficult was the test that most students failed it.

6. Such was the boring film that I fell asleep.

7. No sooner had he entered the room than the phone rang.

8. Were I you, I wouldn’t miss this opportunity.

9. Only by working extremely hard did he succeed.

10. Neither does her sister like coffee.

✅ Kết luận

Đảo ngữ là phần ngữ pháp nâng cao nhưng không khó nếu được học theo từng nhóm rõ ràng. Việc nắm vững cấu trúc và luyện tập viết lại câu thường xuyên sẽ giúp học sinh tự tin hơn trong giao tiếp và viết học thuật.